Marketing professors examine college sports and consumer substitution risk
Yahoo Sports • 1 min read • Latest: Sep 4, 2026, 11:00 AM
Last updated Sep 4, 2026

Professors John Cairney and Rick Burton are analyzing whether college sports programs face a future decline in spectator interest due to the substitution effect. This concept suggests fans may replace traditional game attendance with cheaper entertainment alternatives if ticket costs continue to rise. Factors contributing to this potential shift include the lack of collective bargaining for student-athletes, unrestricted inter-school transfers, and the financial pressure on private donors to fund roster-building efforts. The researchers note that fan attendance relies on a value equation involving entertainment and team competitiveness. While loyal fans often exhibit behaviors like Basking in Reflected Glory, rising prices and inconsistent team performance may trigger a transition to Cutting Off Reflected Failure, leading spectators to distance themselves from programs that fail to meet expectations.
- •John Cairney and Rick Burton research potential drops in college sports demand.
- •Rising ticket costs and cheaper leisure options drive the substitution effect.
- •Student-athlete mobility and donor financial demands influence current collegiate athletic models.
- •Social psychology trends illustrate how fans distance themselves from failing teams.
- 11:00 AMYahoo Sports — College Sports’ Problem With the Substitution Effect
"Today’s guest column is from professors John Cairney and Rick Burton. As most baseball and softball fans know, the challenge for many managers is knowing when to replace the starter with someone from the bullpen. In basketball or soccer, it’s subbing in a replacement. With that in mind, we wondered if college sports, circa 2027, …
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